{"id":1374,"date":"2025-09-04T11:21:21","date_gmt":"2025-09-04T10:21:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fac.univ-ghardaia.edu.dz\/profnoor\/?p=1374"},"modified":"2025-09-07T09:06:11","modified_gmt":"2025-09-07T08:06:11","slug":"%d9%86%d9%82%d8%af-%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b2%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fac.univ-ghardaia.edu.dz\/profnoor\/ar\/%d9%86%d9%82%d8%af-%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b2%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633"},"content":{"rendered":"
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“\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0629” \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a.<\/strong><\/div>\n
\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647.<\/strong><\/div>\n
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\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629” 1892\u060c \u062d\u0627\u062c\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649(*).<\/div>\n
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\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/div>\n
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\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062a\u0635\u064e\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 “\u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0629” \u062a\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 “\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c” \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639(1).<\/div>\n
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\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649” \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648”\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649” \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/div>\n
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\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0635101:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
1- \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631.<\/div>\n
2- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/div>\n
3- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/div>\n
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\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u061b \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0632\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 -\u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646- \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629(2).<\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 “\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0640”\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u0629” \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0641 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635102.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
1- \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a(3).<\/div>\n
2- \u0644\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627.<\/div>\n
3- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639.<\/div>\n
4- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628” Cause \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629” Force.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
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\u2014————————-<\/div>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:<\/div>\n
*)- Peirce and Biosemiotics, Springer 2014, Chapter 06: Semeiotic Causation and the Breath of Life, Menno Hulswit and Vinicius Romanini p 95-126<\/div>\n
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1- \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f (Idiography) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 (Nomothetic).<\/div>\n
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2- \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062d \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u062a.<\/div>\n
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3- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a “\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0629” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 non-locality \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (Entanglement) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 (Interference)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a -\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644- \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/div>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f ›<\/a><\/div>\n

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